Taxing Imported Carbon Emissions

I have returned to Westwood after spending 4 very pleasant days in Berkeley.   Berkeley is great, the UC Berkeley faculty is outstanding but Westwood is my town.  For better or worse, I've morphed into a West LA guy.  What does that mean?  This Los Angeles primer written for Prince William and his young wife will explain all.

Switching subjects, a NY Times piece on carbon taxes for U.S flights to Europe caught my eye.  This is a classic economic incidence question.  If U.S flights must now pay a carbon charge, will U.S airlines' profits fall or will flight ticket prices rise?   Who bears the incidence of this regulation?  Is China a large enough economy to threaten Europe with a boycott if Air China doesn't want to pay these fees?

Turning to behavioral change; if these fees are charged --- how will U.S airlines respond?  Will they invest in a more fuel efficient fleet to reduce their carbon bill? Will such substitution have unintended consequences such as raising safety risks for people on the planes?  (I have no idea if this is true or not).   If more airlines demand more fuel efficient planes, then will this demand side push accelerate Green R&D such that high fuel economy planes are invented more quickly?